All right, as a quick recap, portal hypertension is when the pressure in the hepatic portal system is greater than 12 mmHg.

得！快速回顾一下：门静脉高症指肝门系统大于12mmHg。

As the central veins and sinusoids become compressed and push on the fluid inside, their pressure starts to build up, leading to intrasinusoidal (or portal) hypertension, which is this higher pressure in the portal veins.

中央静脉和窦的受导致它们中间的液体也受到挤，导致门静脉高，即门静脉的高。

The features of portal hypertension can be remembered as ABCDE, where A stands for Ascites, B for Bleeding, C for Caput Medusae, D for Diminished liver function, and E for Enlarged spleen.

门静脉高症的特点可以用ABCDE来记：A指的腹水，B流，C蛇头，D指肝功能下降，E指脾脏肿大。

Another consequence of portal hypertension is that the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels release more nitric oxide.

门静脉高症的另一种后管内皮细胞会释放更多的一氧化氮。

The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis.

门静脉高症的最常见原因肝硬化。

Now causes of portal hypertension can be classified as pre-hepatic, intra-hepatic or post-hepatic, depending on where the obstruction is.

而门静脉高症的原因可以被分为肝前型、肝内型和肝后性，这取决于阻塞的部位。

When this happens, venous blood accumulates in the hepatic portal system, causing pressure to rise above 12 mmHg, which defines portal hypertension.

当这种情况发生时，静脉会在肝门脉系统里蓄积，导致上到12mHg以上，这就门静脉高症的定义。

Portal hypertension can also cause blood to back up into the spleen causing congestive splenomegaly, meaning the enlarged spleen.

门静脉高症还能导致液向脾脏回流，造成充性脾肿大，即扩大的脾。

Portal hypertension leads to the formation of Portosystemic shunts, which is when blood is diverted away from the portal venous system and backs up into the systemic veins.

门静脉高症可导致门脉-体静脉系统分流的形成，即液从门静脉系统转向分流，回到了体静脉系统。

In fact, portal hypertension is the most common cause of esophageal varices.

其实门静脉高症食管静脉曲张最常见的原因。

The gold standard for determining if there is portal hypertension is obtaining a hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement where a catheter is inserted inside the inferior vena cava and then inside the portal vein to measure the difference between both pressures.

确定否存在门静脉高症的金标准测量肝静脉梯度，即将导管先后插入下腔静脉、门静脉内测量两个之间的差异。

And so that's one part of it is that your liver, portal hypertension plus synthetic dysfunction, plus the other thing is what triggers HRS is like the company it keeps, so to speak.

所以其中一部分，你的肝脏存在门静脉高和合成功能障碍，而触发HRS的另一个因素则类似于它“身边的伙伴”，打个比方就这样。

So because we have the portal hypertension physiology, so we know we have a very hard liver for the most part, we have portal hypertension, and that comes with all of this bacterial translocation, predisposition to infections.

由于我们存在门静脉高的病理生理机制，因此大部分情况下肝脏都非常坚硬，伴有门静脉高，而门静脉高又会引发细菌移位，使患者易于发生感染。